Known Symbols

\(A\): Flow area [m²]
\(A_{ref}\): Reference area [m²]
\(C_{L}\): Lift coefficient [-]
\(C_{d}\): Drag coefficient [-]
\(C_{rr}\): Rolling resistance coefficient [-]
\(C_{y}\): Side force coefficient [-]
\(\Delta_{F z}\): Change in tyre normal load [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz drag f}\): Front axle normal load change from drag moment [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz drag fl}\): Front-left normal load change from drag moment [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz drag fr}\): Front-right normal load change from drag moment [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz drag r}\): Rear axle normal load change from drag moment [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz drag rl}\): Rear-left normal load change from drag moment [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz drag rr}\): Rear-right normal load change from drag moment [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz lat}\): Total lateral load transfer [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz lat f}\): Front axle lateral load transfer [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz lat fl}\): Front-left load change from lateral effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz lat fr}\): Front-right load change from lateral effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz lat r}\): Rear axle lateral load transfer [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz lat rl}\): Rear-left load change from lateral effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz lat rr}\): Rear-right load change from lateral effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz long}\): Load transfer from CG height [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz long f}\): Front axle normal load change from longitudinal effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz long fl}\): Front-left load change from longitudinal effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz long fr}\): Front-right load change from longitudinal effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz long geom}\): Longitudinal load transfer via suspension geometry [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz long r}\): Rear axle normal load change from longitudinal effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz long rl}\): Rear-left load change from longitudinal effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz long rr}\): Rear-right load change from longitudinal effects [N]
\(\Delta_{Fz long total}\): Net longitudinal load transfer [N]
\(\Delta_{\delta z tire}\): Change in tyre deflection [m]
\(F_{bump}\): Bump stop force [N] (active only if delta_z_bump > 0)
\(F_{centripetal}\): Required centripetal force [N]
\(F_{d}\): Aerodynamic drag force [N]
\(F_{f max}\): Maximum available friction force magnitude [N]
\(F_{rr}\): Rolling resistance force [N]
\(F_{slope}\): Longitudinal force due to road slope [N]
\(F_{spring}\): Suspension spring force [N]
\(F_{tan}\): Resultant tangential force magnitude [N]
\(F_{thrust req}\): Required thrust force [N]
\(F_{x drive}\): Driven longitudinal force [N]
\(F_{x inertia}\): Longitudinal inertial force (vehicle frame) [N]
\(F_{x max}\): Maximum longitudinal tyre force [N]
\(F_{x tire}\): Longitudinal force [N]
\(F_{x tire max}\): Maximum longitudinal force [N]
\(F_{y aero}\): Aerodynamic side force [N]
\(F_{y available}\): Available lateral force [N]
\(F_{y inertia}\): Lateral inertial force [N]
\(F_{y max}\): Maximum lateral force [N]
\(F_{z}\): Normal force [N]
\(F_{z arb left}\): ARB vertical force at left wheel [N]
\(F_{z arb right}\): ARB vertical force at right wheel [N]
\(F_{z df}\): Total aerodynamic normal force (downforce) [N]
\(F_{z df f}\): Front axle aerodynamic downforce [N]
\(F_{z df fl}\): Front-left aerodynamic downforce [N]
\(F_{z df fr}\): Front-right aerodynamic downforce [N]
\(F_{z df r}\): Rear axle aerodynamic downforce [N]
\(F_{z df rl}\): Rear-left aerodynamic downforce [N]
\(F_{z df rr}\): Rear-right aerodynamic downforce [N]
\(F_{z f}\): Front axle normal force [N]
\(F_{z fl}\): Front-left wheel normal force [N]
\(F_{z fr}\): Front-right wheel normal force [N]
\(F_{z r}\): Rear axle normal force [N]
\(F_{z rl}\): Rear-left wheel normal force [N]
\(F_{z rr}\): Rear-right wheel normal force [N]
\(F_{z static}\): Static normal force [N]
\(F_{z static df drag fl}\): Front-left normal force: static + downforce + drag moment [N]
\(F_{z static df drag fr}\): Front-right normal force: static + downforce + drag moment [N]
\(F_{z static df drag rl}\): Rear-left normal force: static + downforce + drag moment [N]
\(F_{z static df drag rr}\): Rear-right normal force: static + downforce + drag moment [N]
\(F_{z static df f}\): Front axle normal force: static + downforce [N]
\(F_{z static df fl}\): Front-left normal force: static + downforce [N]
\(F_{z static df fr}\): Front-right normal force: static + downforce [N]
\(F_{z static df r}\): Rear axle normal force: static + downforce [N]
\(F_{z static df rl}\): Rear-left normal force: static + downforce [N]
\(F_{z static df rr}\): Rear-right normal force: static + downforce [N]
\(F_{z static f}\): Static front axle normal force [N]
\(F_{z static fl}\): Static front-left normal force [N]
\(F_{z static fr}\): Static front-right normal force [N]
\(F_{z static r}\): Static rear axle normal force [N]
\(F_{z static rl}\): Static rear-left normal force [N]
\(F_{z static rr}\): Static rear-right normal force [N]
\(F_{z susp}\): Vertical force transmitted by suspension at wheel [N]
\(F_{z susp total}\): Total suspension vertical force at wheel [N]
\(I_{z}\): Yaw moment of inertia [kg·m²]
\(L\): Characteristic length [m]
\(L_{ISA}\): ISA temperature lapse rate [K/m]
\(MR\): Suspension motion ratio (spring / wheel) [-]
\(M_{pitch aero}\): Total aerodynamic pitching moment about CG [N·m]
\(M_{pitch df}\): Pitching moment caused by downforce distribution [N·m]
\(M_{pitch drag}\): Pitching moment from drag [N·m]
\(M_{yaw aero}\): Aerodynamic yawing moment about CG [N·m]
\(M_{z}\): Sum of yaw moments about CG [N·m]
\(P_{required}\): Required propulsion power [W]
\(P_{trac}\): Tractive power at the wheels [W]
\(P_{x}\): Longitudinal power at wheels [W]
\(R\): Specific gas constant for air [J/(kg·K)]
\(R_{turn}\): Curve radius [m]
\(Re\): Reynolds number [-]
\(T\): Absolute temperature [K]
\(T_{0}\): Sea level temperature [K]
\(T_{arb}\): Anti-roll bar torque equivalent [N·m]
\(W\): Vehicle weight [N]
\(a_{CG}\): CG distance to front axle [m]
\(a_{brake aero}\): Maximum braking deceleration with aerodynamic downforce [m/s²]
\(a_{lat}\): Lateral acceleration [m/s²]
\(a_{lat max}\): Maximum lateral acceleration (friction-limited) [m/s²]
\(a_{long}\): Longitudinal acceleration (positive forward) [m/s²]
\(a_{long max}\): Maximum longitudinal acceleration (friction-limited) [m/s²]
\(a_{x max}\): Maximum traction-limited longitudinal acceleration [m/s²]
\(b_{CG}\): CG distance to rear axle [m]
\(balance_{df}\): Aerodynamic balance (front fraction) [-]
\(balance_{lat}\): Lateral load transfer balance (front fraction) [-]
\(\beta_{sideslip}\): Vehicle sideslip angle at CG [rad]
\(\delta_{avg}\): Average steering angle [rad]
\(\delta_{inner}\): Inner wheel steering angle [rad]
\(\delta_{outer}\): Outer wheel steering angle [rad]
\(\delta_{z bump}\): Bump stop compression [m] (≤0 = no contact)
\(\delta_{z clearance}\): Bump stop clearance [m]
\(\delta_{z heave}\): Chassis heave displacement [m]
\(\delta_{z spring}\): Suspension spring compression [m]
\(\delta_{z susp}\): Suspension vertical deflection [m]
\(\delta_{z tire}\): Tyre vertical deflection [m]
\(\delta_{z wheel}\): Wheel vertical displacement [m]
\(\delta_{z wheel f}\): Front axle wheel vertical displacement [m]
\(\delta_{z wheel left}\): Left wheel vertical displacement [m]
\(\delta_{z wheel r}\): Rear axle wheel vertical displacement [m]
\(\delta_{z wheel right}\): Right wheel vertical displacement [m]
\(\eta\): Dynamic viscosity [Pa·s]
\(\eta_{aero}\): Aerodynamic efficiency (lift-to-drag ratio) [-]
\(f_{load}\): Dimensionless load influence factor [-]
\(friction_{util}\): Friction utilisation ratio (≤1 = within grip) [-]
\(g\): Gravitational acceleration [m/s²]
\(h\): Altitude [m]
\(k_{arb}\): Anti-roll bar stiffness [N/m]
\(k_{bump}\): Bump stop stiffness [N/m]
\(k_{roll f}\): Front axle roll stiffness [N·m/rad]
\(k_{roll r}\): Rear axle roll stiffness [N·m/rad]
\(k_{spring}\): Suspension spring stiffness [N/m]
\(k_{tire}\): Tyre vertical stiffness [N/m]
\(k_{vert}\): Effective vertical stiffness at wheel [N/m]
\(k_{wheel}\): Suspension wheel rate [N/m]
\(l_{wb}\): Wheelbase [m]
\(m\): Vehicle mass [kg]
\(\mu\): Friction coefficient [-]
\(\mu_{0}\): Reference friction coefficient [-]
\(\mu_{load dep}\): Load-dependent friction coefficient [-]
\(\mu_{long}\): Longitudinal friction coefficient [-]
\(\nu\): Kinematic viscosity [m²/s]
\(p\): Static pressure at point [Pa]
\(p_{0}\): Sea level standard atmospheric pressure [Pa]
\(\phi_{roll f}\): Front roll stiffness distribution [-]
\(r_{dot}\): Yaw acceleration [rad/s²]
\(\rho\): Fluid density at point [kg/m³]
\(\rho_{0}\): Sea level standard density [kg/m³]
\(s_{coast}\): Coast-down distance [m]
\(t_{coast}\): Time to coast from v to v_final [s]
\(t_{track}\): Track width [m]
\(\theta_{anti}\): Anti-dive / anti-squat angle [rad]
\(\theta_{bank}\): Bank angle [rad]
\(\theta_{pitch}\): Pitch angle (small-angle) [rad]
\(\theta_{slope}\): Road slope angle (positive uphill) [rad]
\(v\): Vehicle speed relative to air [m/s]
\(v_{final}\): Final speed [m/s]
\(v_{max corner}\): Maximum cornering speed (friction-limited) [m/s]
\(v_{x}\): Longitudinal velocity component [m/s]
\(v_{y}\): Lateral velocity [m/s]
\(x_{CG}\): Center of gravity longitudinal position [m]
\(x_{COP}\): Center of pressure position [m]
\(x_{rel aero}\): Longitudinal distance from CG to aero center [m]
\(z_{CG}\): Center of gravity height [m]
\(z_{COP}\): Aerodynamic center height [m]
\(z_{chassis}\): Chassis reference vertical position [m]
\(z_{rel aero}\): Vertical lever arm from CG to aerodynamic center [m]
\(z_{wheel}\): Wheel center vertical position [m]